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Showing posts with label 1. HEADINGS. Show all posts
Showing posts with label 1. HEADINGS. Show all posts

TRIPS IN TAMILNADU


TAMILNADU TRAVEL BLOGS












6. OOTY - APR 2013

7. KUMBAKONAM, THANJAVUR, CHIDAMBARAM - MAR 2014

8. THARAGAMBADI, NAGAPATTINAM - APR 2014




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TRIPS IN ANDHRA PRADESH















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LONG WEEKENDS GETAWAYS FROM BLORE





Here are places which can be covered during Long week-ends from Bangalore...
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WEEK-END GET-AWAYS FROM BANGALORE:(2 days)

Me and Ramesh are Software Engineers, We love traveling in week-ends..Here are the places, which can be covered in week-end without taking leave :)


1.KARNATAKA

CHITRADURGA - HIRIYUR 

MYSORE 

MYSORE 2 - BANDIPUR




2.TAMILNADU 
  
OOTY 

MADURAI AND KARAIKUDI 


THARANGAMBADI - NAGAPATTINAM


PONDICHERRY(TEAM OUTING)









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TRIPS IN KERALA



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ONE DAY TRIPS FROM BANGALORE


I am from Bangalore.I love exploring near by places in week-ends. Here is a list of places,  which can be covered  in a single day from Bangalore...


15.KOLAR 2 -  KOLARAMMA

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TRIPS IN KARNATAKA (FROM BANGALORE)

I am from Bangalore, Karnataka... 



I love exploring near by places in week-ends. Here is a list of places to visit, with Bangalore as a starting point... 




Bangalore


15. CHITRADURGA - HIRIYUR


17. MYSORE
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ONE DAY TRIPS FROM CHENNAI


Ramesh is from chennai.. We are now settled in Bangalore. These  are the trips, that we covered during Long week-end trip to chennai.


1.TIRUTANI TEMPLE FROM CHENNAI

 
2.TEMPLES IN CHENNAI



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AYUTTHAYA

We were planning on a International trip from Long time, it was postponed due to lot of constraints..Finally we decided a trip for our 3rd year wedding anniversary. We discussed about  couple of places and zeroed on Thailand.

DAY 7 : AYUTTHAYA  

 

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BANGKOK

We were planning on a International trip from Long time, it was postponed due to lot of constraints..Finally we decided a trip for our 3rd year wedding anniversary. We discussed about  couple of places and zeroed on Thailand.

Below are the places we visited in Bangkok.
 

DAY 3 : BANGKOK WATS TOUR

 DAY 4:  SAFARI WORLD

 DAY 5 - Dest 1: SIAM OCEAN WORLD

DAY 5 - Dest 2 : SIAM NIRAMIT SHOW

 DAY 6 - ERAWAN MUSEUM

DAY 8 - ANCIENTY CITY OR MUANG BORAN 


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PATTAYA

We were planning on a International trip from Long time, it was postponed due to lot of constraints..Finally we decided a trip for our 3rd year wedding anniversary. We discussed about  couple of places and zeroed on Thailand.


Below are the places we visited in Bangkok. 


DAY 1 THAILAND (Pattaya) 

 DAY 1 : Dest 1: SANCTUARY OF TRUTH (Pattaya) 

 DAY 1: Dest 2 : MINI SIAM (Pattaya)

 DAY 2 : Dest 1: CORAL ISLAND (Pattaya)

 DAY  2: ALCAZAR SHOW (Pattaya)


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RH033 COURSE NOTES

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RH 253: LINUX PAM

Linux Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM) provide dynamic authorization for applications and services in a Linux system. Linux PAM is evolved from the  unix Pluggable Authentication modules architecture.

Each file under pam.d has 3 fields


A. First field

1.auth  
 Module authenticate the user,by checking the password

2.account 
 Module verifies that access is allowed,by checking if users  account is valid,expired,allowed to access in this time of day.

3. passwd  
 Module sets and verify the passwords

4.session
 Module configure and manage user sessions. Represents the enviornment of a user.



B. Control Flag

1. required 
 Module result must be successfull for authentication to continue. If result failed returns failure only after remaining modules are invoked.

2. requisite 
 Module result must be successfull for authentication to continue.  But if module result is fail user is noticed immediately with message reflecting failed required or requiste module

3. Sufficient
 If module results fail , it is ignored, but if its successful and  no required modules is failed ,then user is authenticated to  service.

4. Optional

  If module results fail,it is ignored.If module result is successful  it does not play role in overall success/failure for module.



CONFIGURATION FILE

 1. /etc/pam.d/login


A.account     required  pam_nologin.so

Checks for /etc/nologin file, If exists stops normal user from logging in.
If module is commented, allows user to login even if file /etc/nologin exists

B.auth requisite  pam_access.so

Checks for user name, If username is correct only then it prompts for password
if user incorrect,Displays login incorrect.But if this module is commented though
username is wrong it prompts for password

C.session    required    pam_mkhomedir.so

Create user without homedir  --> useradd -M suma
If homedir doesnt exist,this module creates home dir as soon as user is logged in. But if this module is commented if user is created without homedir,it wont create home dir.

D. auth auth [user_unknown=ignore success=ok ignore=ignore default=bad] pam_securetty.so 

Checks if any terminal is commented in the /etc/securetty, if any terminal is commented root cannot login in that terminal,But if this module is commented root can login in a terminal, though that particular terminal is commented in /etc/securetty file.



2. /etc/security/limits.conf


suma   .............   maxlogins     3

Allows this user to login in only 3 terminals, after 3 logins, we cant even
ssh as that particular user. Even ssh not allowed because USEPAM yes in
/etc/ssh/sshd_config



3. /etc/pam.d/su


auth    required    pam_rootok.so

Change above line from sufficent to required,So even root user needs password
when he tries to do su..  Change  line from sufficent to required.


4. /etc/pam.d/system_auth

passwd    required    pam_passwdqc.so


When  even root tries to set password for normal user, even root is forced
to set complex password for normal user.


5.  /etc/pam.d/vsftpd


1. auth  required  pam_listfile.so  item=user sense=deny  file=/etc/vsftpd/suma
   onerr=succedd

Create file suma under /etc/vsftpd, and add some users to the file /etc/vsftpd/suma So tht users are not allowed to login thru ftp.Default file is /etc/vsftpd/ftpusersSo any users put into tht file are denied to ftp.










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RH133 COURSE NOTES

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RH033 14. LINUX-FILE-SYSTEM



Inode num is unique num given to file, we identify files by filename but harddisk identify files by sequential uniq num called inode lets observer what happnes to inode whne we copy/remove/move file

cp file1 file2 -->copy file1 file2
ls -li file1 file2 -->inode nums r diff,so file1 file2 occupies seperate space in hard-disk
mv file1 file2 -->move file1 file2
ls -li file1 file2 -->inode num of file1 is given to file2 file1 no more exist
rm file2 -->remove file
ls -li file2 -->inode of file2 gets vacant,next time you creat file inode of file2 is given to that.


LINKING FILE

when you copy a source to destination, contents of both are same, later you update source or destination, other file wotn get updated, so linkign file helps to update the file even if contents are added to file after linking.


1. Hard link
ln file1 file2      //hard link file1 file2
ll -i file1 file2    //observe inode/filesize
a. Inode nums are same
b. Size of file is same
c. If source is deleted data can be accessed from destination
d. Only files can be linked dir cant

2. Soft link
ln -s file1 file2 //soft link file1 file2
ll -i file1 file2 //observe inode/filesize
a. Inode nums are diff
b. Size of file is diff
c. If source is deleted data is lost
d. Even dir can be linked.


3. df -h   
Shows current systems partion,n used and free space mount.
Shows List of partions and which dir it is mounted fdisk -l  Also shows system partitions


du -h <file/dir> =Shows size occupied by the file/dir


4. eject    //opens cd tray put cd then
eject -t    //Close cd tray, thn to acces cd contents

To access contents of cd 

mount /dev/cdrom /media  
 (mounts contents of cd to /media dir)

cd /media   (Change dir to /media)

cp OR ls   (list contents or copy contents of cd)

cd [and press enter]  (Takes you out of /media dir)

umount /media  (Unmount /media dir before removing cd)

To access contents of pendrive or any external device

fdisk -l   (At end shows u device identity)
OUTPUT OF fdisk -l looks like this

[root@server1 ~]# fdisk -l

Disk /dev/hda: 80.0 GB, 80026361856 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 9729 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/hda1 * 1 2 16033+ 83 Linux
/dev/hda2 3 1177 9438187+ 83 Linux
/dev/hda3 1178 1488 2498107+ 83 Linux
/dev/hda4 1489 9729 66195832+ 5 Extended
/dev/hda5 1489 1814 2618563+ 83 Linux
/dev/hda6 1815 1945 1052226 83 Linux
/dev/hda7 1946 2199 2040223+ 82 Linux swap / Solaris
/dev/hda8 2200 2215 128488+ 83 Linux
Note: sector size is 4096 (not 512)

Disk /dev/sda: 79.8 GB, 79824777216 bytes
26 heads, 50 sectors/track, 14991 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 1300 * 4096 = 5324800 bytes

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 1 14992 77953628 b W95 FAT32
------>> Here /dev/hda1 to /dev/hda8 are system partitions
and /dev/sda1 is external device identity

SO TO ACCESS CONTENTS OF EXTERNAL DEVICE

mount /dev/sda1 /mnt //Here identity of usb is sda1,and mounting to /mnt

cd /mnt //Change dir to /mnt
cp OR ls //list contents or copy contents of usb
cd [and press enter] //Takes you out of /mnt dir
umount /mnt //Unmount /mnt dir before removing usb



TO TAKE BACKUP USING TAR COMMAND

tar -cvf dump file1 file2 file3 //Take backup of file1,2,3 and store under dump dir
tar -tvf dump //List all files backed up under dump dir

tar -xvf dump //Restore all contents of dump to pwd


where c->create v->verbose f->file t->list x->extract


TO COMPRESS FILE (2 utilities)

1. gzip file //compress file
gunzip file.gz //once file compressed .gz extension added so file.gz


2. bzip2 file //compress file
bunzip2 file.bz2 //once file compressed .bz2 extension added so file.gz


Before compressing and after compressing observer file size by giving ls -lh and observe file-size


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RH033 15. INSTALLATION


Mode of installation

1. enter --> Takes you to gui mode of installation
2. linux text --> Takes you to text mode of installation

Types of installation

1. Kickstart --> Unattentded installation
2. network installation -->use cd to boot then read remain from server


For Client to install a package it need 2 refer to a file to find
which is server and read packages from there, so create a client.repo file

in /etc/yum.repos.d directory.


vim /etc/yum.repos.d/client.repo
[Server]
name=rhel5
baseurl=ftp://192.168.0.154/pub/RHEL5.1/Server
enable=1
gpgcheck=0

1. yum clean all //changes to client.repo file updated
2. yum install <pkg> //Install a package
3. yum remove <pkg> //Remove a package
4. yum list <pkg> //Status of package
5. yum list all //List all packages installed in your machine
6. yum list available //List all packages available in server

Package are:-

1. Server //Server related packages
2. Cluster //Replication related packages
3. ClusterStorage //Storage related packages
4. Virtualization //vmware of redhat related packages.
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RH033 0. HELP COMMANDS IN LINUX



     HELP COMMANDS

1.   whatis <command> 

One line information about   command.. whatis is a database stored under /var/cache/man/whatis
     

# rm -rf /var/cache/man/whatis      //Delete whatis file
# makewhatis                           //Updates whatis db manually


2.  command --help   

One page information, explaining options of command
   

3.  man <command>  

Manual pages of command
    /text          =search text
    n              =next search
    N              =previous search
    q              =quit

   Sections of man page.Each command is grouped into different sections.

   1. User command
   2. System calls
   3. Library calls
   4. File format
   5. Special file
   6. Games
   7. Missleanous
   8. Administrative commands
   p. Programmers commands

   man page is zipped file stored under 
  /usr/share/man/manx -->where x is num

  man  -a <command> 
  Shows all manual page other than default

  man  -k <keyword> 
 Shows commands related to keyword


  man  -w <command> 
  Path of command


 4. info <page> 

Detailed info about command,designed like webpage each
  * represents a url

    tab =Takes you to *             //Give enter to expand the * 
                                                     and u for undo
    s   =Search text
    q   =undo
 
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RH133 1.STEPS OF BOOT PROCESS




1. BIOS               ->Do POST ->power on self test and Check boot priority,
2. MBR                ->I stage boot loader,partition table, o/s signature
3. /etc/grub/grub.conf   ->root (hd0,0)
                           kernel /vmlinuz...... ro root=LABEL=/
                   initrd /initrd.....img
4. /etc/inittab          ->/etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit     ->Set hostname
                                                ->Set clock
                                            ->Enable selinux,quota
                                ->check filesystem
                                ->Enable root in rw mode
5. /etc/inittab          ->runlevel  ->/etc/rc.d/rcx.d (where x is num)
6. /etc/rc.d/rc          ->whenever runlevel changes
7. /etc/rc.d/rc.local    ->last script executed in boot process


GRUB FEATURES:

1. Grand unified boot loader
2. Grub indentifies upto 15 file systems
3. Grub has a pre-os enviornment use commands to load o/s
4. Grub supports LBA(Logical block addressing)


GRUB COMMANDS

1. root   (hd0,0)        ->mount the boot partition

2.find  /etc/fstab       ->find the partition  which contains label of / 3.cat (hd0,4)/etc/fstab  -> TO check label of root
OR

4.find  /etc/fstab        ->find the partition  which contains label of /
5. root (hd0,4)           ->Mount the route partiton
6. cat  / + press tab     ->shows contents of mounted partition
7. cat /etc/fstab         ->open the file to see file contents

8. kernel  /vmlinuz........ ro root=LABEL=/       ->Loads the kernel
9. initrd  /initrd...img                          ->provides initital ram disk
10. boot                                          -> Helps to boot the o/s


TO  EXTRACT THE INITRD
1. mkdir initrd
2. cp /boot/initrd-2.6.18-53.el5.img initrd/
3. cd initrd/
4. ls
5. file initrd-2.6.18-53.el5.img
6. mv initrd-2.6.18-53.el5.img initrd.gz
7. ls
8. gunzip initrd.gz
9. ls
10.file initrd
11.cpio  -ivd < initrd


TO SET GRUB PASSWORD
1.grub-md5-crypt                   ->generate the password
2.vim /etc/grub.conf               ->open file (write below line in this file)
  password --md5  <generated password> (write below hidden menu)
3.reboot
4.Try pressing e or c in grub prompt it wont let you unless you type p
   and provide password

TO EXTRACT SPLASH IMAGE
1. mkdir splash
2. cp /boot/grub/splash.xpm.gz splash
3. cd splash/
4. ls
5. gunzip splash.xpm.gz
6. ls
7. firefox splash.xpm

TO ADD MULTIPLE TEXT TERMINAL
1. vim /etc/inittab
    50:2345:respawn:/sbin/mingetty tty50  -->creates 50th terminal
2. init q                                -->make changes to inittab
3. chvt  50                              -->change to 50th terminal
Note: To allow root to login also add entries to /etc/securetty.


TO MAKE SERVICE PERMANENT

1. chkconfig --list  |grep network
2. chkconfig --list  |grep sendmail
3. chkconfig --list  |grep cups
4. chkconfig --list  |grep vsftpd
5. chkconfig vsftpd on
6. chkconfig --list  |grep vsftpd
7. chkconfig --levels 35 vsftpd on
   chkconfig --levels 35 <service> <on/off>

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RH133. 5A. SELINUX ADMINISTRATION



            SELINUX

DAC =Discretionary access control
MAC =Mandatory access control

DAC  ->chmod,acl,sudo,visudo
MAC  ->selinux

3 states of selinux
1. ENABLED    = DAC + MAC both are implemented
2. PERMISSIVE = DAC + warning messages of MAC
3. DISABLED   = ONLY DAC

TO show status of selinux
1. cat /etc/sysconfig/selinux
2. sestatus
3. getenforce

TO Change status of selinux from or to permissive/enabled
1. setenforce 0  ->set to permissive from enforcing
2. setenforce 1  ->set to  enforcing from permissive

TO Change status of selinux from or to disabled/enabled
1. vim /etc/sysconfig/selinux  OR
2. system-config-selinux
Once u change from disable-enable or enable-disable you haf
to reboot for changes

To enable/disable booleans for services
1. getsebool -a |grep <service>       ->show status of service
2. setsebool -P  <service> <on/off>   ->Change status of service
To check status of selinux on files
1. ls -Z  <file> ->show sestatus for files

To change context of selinux on files
1. chcon -t <policy>  <file> OR
2. chcon -R --reference <srcfile> <dstfile>
To restore context/policy to originals
1. restorecon <srcfile>

Log Messages of selinux are stored in
1. tailf /var/log/audit/audit.log          ->>text mode
2. sealert -b /var/log/audit/audit.log  ->>gui mode


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RH133 8. KICKSTART INSTALLATION




1. yum install system-config-kickstart vsftpd
2. system-config-kickstart
3. vim anaconda-ks.cfg   (copy packages from this file and paste
                          into ks.cfg)
4. cp ks.cfg /var/ftp/pub
5. service vsftpd restart
6. chkconfig vsftpd on

Client

1.Put the boot cd and reboot your machine
2.linux ks=ftp://192.168.0.37/pub/ks.cfg


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